- 中道
- The 'mean' has various interpretations. In general it denotes the mean between two extremes, and has special reference to the mean between realism and nihilism, or eternal substantial existence and annihilation; this 'mean' is found in a third principle between the two, suggesting the idea of a realm of mind or spirit beyond the terminology of [lang id =1028]有 or [lang id =1028]無, substance or nothing, or, that which has form, and is therefore measurable and ponderable, and its opposite of total non-existence. See [lang id =1028]中論. The following four Schools define the term according to their several scriptures: the [lang id =1028]法相 School describes it as the [lang id =1028]唯識, v. [lang id =1028]唯識中道; the [lang id =1028]三論 School as the [lang id =1028]八不 eight negations, v. [lang id =1028]三論; the Tiantai as [lang id =1028]實相 the true reality; and the Huayan as the [lang id =1028]法界 (sa) dharmadhātu. Four forms of the Mean are given by the [lang id =1028]三論玄義.* * *即離開二邊的極端、 邪執, 為一種不偏於任何一方的中正之道, 或觀點、 方法。 釋迦牟尼世尊住世時代, 最初說的中道, 指的是遠離苦行與欲樂兩種極端的修行的方法。 《過去現在因果經》謂: ‘爾時世尊, 語憍陳如言, ……形在苦者, 心則惱亂, 身者樂者, 情則樂著, 是以苦樂, 兩非道因。 譬如鑽火, 澆之以水, 則必無有破暗之照, 鑽智慧火, 亦復如是。 有苦樂水, 慧光不生, 以不生故, 不能滅於生死黑障。 今者若能舍棄苦樂, 行於中道, 心則寂定, 堪能修彼八正聖道, 離於生老病死之患。 ……’以上是最初中道的含義。 後來的大乘佛教, 各宗派莫不重視中道, 如空宗以八不為中道, 有宗以唯識為中道。 在中國, 天台宗以佛性為中道, 華嚴宗以法界為中道。 但各宗派的中道, 其意義并不相同。 唯識宗的中道, 立有、 空、 中等三時教之教判, 如《解深密經》等所說, 遠離有、 空二邊, 而完全彰顯非有非空的中道真理之教, 稱為中道了義教;偏於有、 空之教, 稱為不了義教。 其所謂中道即唯識中道, 即: 一、 凡夫所以視有情實體生命之我與構成萬有要素之法為實在, 皆因迷情之妄執所致, 故是‘情有理無’, 為‘非有’。 二、 萬有為因緣之假和合, 繫由阿賴耶識所變現, 即識是‘理有情無’, 為‘非無。 三、 萬有無固定之自性, 是為空, 故能自在變現, 即空是‘真空妙有’, 為‘非無’。 依此, 宇宙的真相即以‘非有非無’(非有非空)的中道把握之, 作此主張者稱為中道了義教。 據三性之說, 此所謂之我與法即為遍計所執性, 識為依他起性, 空為圓成實性之義。* * *不偏於空, 也不偏於有, 非空非有, 亦空亦有, 不落二邊, 圓融無礙, 謂之中道。 法相以唯識為中道, 三論以八不為中道, 天台以實相為中道, 華嚴以法界為中道。
Dictionary of Buddhist terms. 2013.